Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposits of the Dunnage Zone of the Newfoundland Appalachians: Setting, Styles, Key Advances, and Future Research

The Dunnage Zone of the Newfoundland Appalachians hosts diverse Cambrian–Ordovician volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. peri-Laurentian Notre Dame Subzone contains Cu–Zn–Au mafic and bimodal deposits in ∼501–485 Ma ophiolitic rocks Zn–Pb–Cu–(Au–Ag) ∼471–465 rifted continental arc sequences (e.g., Buchans). peri-Gondwanan Exploits host felsic, felsic siliciclastic, Zn–Ag–Au hybrid ∼513–486 Victoria Lake supergroup; Cu–Zn to ∼486 Wild Bight Group; Cu–(Au) siliciclastic ∼466 Great Burnt Lake/South Pond belt. Regardless age or stratigraphic hosts, all VMS are associated with specific magmatic assemblages extensional tectonism (i.e., rifting). Gold-enriched Rambler-Ming district that formed via slab melting subsequent melt-mantle wedge interaction, which likely enhanced precious metal enrichment these Whereas many exhaled on seafloor, some subseafloor replacement units as re-sedimented sulfides generated sediment-gravity flows. Metals were derived from leaching underlying footwall rocks; however, Au–Ag- epithermal suite element-enriched show evidence for contributions hydrothermal fluids. Sulfur was predominantly H 2 S thermochemical sulfate reduction seawater sulfate, lesser input bacteria-derived magmatic-hydrothermal-derived S. Despite recent research advances historic mining, numerous questions remain unresolved provide opportunities future study.